监护仪上的血氧饱和度(SpO2),即脉搏血氧仪测量的外周动脉血氧饱和度,是危重病人最常用的监测指标之一,它可以反映组织氧合状态,是持续无创评估氧合状态的标准做法,常被视为「第五生命体征」。
但是临床上是否经常遇到如下问题?
1. 血氧 100%,但患者自觉呼吸困难,是患者紧张还是真有问题?
2. 血氧 99%,但患者昏迷、呼吸浅慢,甚至类似下颌式呼吸,继续用药观察还是考虑机械通气?
3. 多少为相对正常值:95%?90%?85%?
下面针对血氧饱和度的问题进行简短叙述:
一、什么是最佳血氧饱和度
因为在组织和细胞水平存在许多导致缺氧的变量 (温度、pH 值、组织血流量)。因此,对于正常和异常的血氧测定结果尚未达成共识。大多数认为静息血氧饱和度 ≤ 95% 或运动时血氧饱和度下降 ≥ 5% 为异常。但是,这些值不应单独考虑。解读时要关注血氧饱和度变化趋势和潜在的疾病过程:
(1)如果患者先前的静息氧饱和度为 99%,那么静息氧饱和度变为 96% 则可能不正常。
(2)存在 COPD 患者急性加重时,88% ~ 92% 的目标水平可能就足够。相比之下,对于急性呼吸窘迫综合征孕妇,目标饱和度 > 95% 可能才理想。
然而脉搏血氧仪准确度的临界值为 80%,即 pH 值为 7.4 时、动脉氧分压 PaO2 约为 50 mmHg 时的状态,当患者血氧饱和度在 80% 以下时,血氧仪的监测结果会存在一定误差。
二、异常数值分析
1. 读数偏高(假性正常读数)
一氧化碳中毒及慢性重度吸烟者
一氧化碳中毒及慢性重度吸烟者体内会存在高浓度的碳氧血红蛋白,其脉搏血氧仪的读数会偏高,这可能会掩盖危及生命的动脉血氧饱和度下降。
血糖控制不佳的糖尿病患者
在血糖控制不佳的 2 型糖尿病患者中,当糖化血红蛋白 A1c 水平超过 7% 时,会导致脉搏血氧仪的测定值高于实际值。这可能与血红蛋白与氧的亲和力增加有关。
2. 读数偏低(假性异常读数)
灌注不足
血流动力学不稳定时,或者肢体抬高、血管收缩及周围血管病导致肢体灌注不良时,脉搏血氧仪读数可能偏低。当收缩压低于 80 mmHg 时,标准脉搏血氧仪的准确性急剧下降。
重度贫血
低血红蛋白浓度,尤其 HGB 低于 5 g/dL 时,可能会导致读数偏低。
静脉淤血
三尖瓣关闭不全或心肌病等会引起静脉淤血,而血氧仪会将检测到的氧合不足的搏动性的静脉血当作动脉血的一部分,这可能会导致 SpO2 读数偏低。
运动或噪声伪影
较差的信噪比会导致信号伪影和血氧仪读数偏低。最常见的原因是以下情况引起的运动:寒战、癫痫发作、传感器受压。波形通常不稳定且形状异常。新型脉搏血氧仪似乎受运动伪影的影响较小。
低体温
由于周围血管收缩和寒战,低体温可能会干扰脉搏血氧测定。这可能造成对急性低氧血症的识别延迟,尤其是使用手指探头时。低体温患者应使用耳朵或前额探头进行监测,从而降低延迟识别急性氧饱和度下降的可能性。采取保暖措施应该会解决这一问题。
另外需强调的是,应避免将传感器置于有血压袖带或动脉置管的同侧肢体,因为这可能会导致错误读数。如果对读数有疑问,可将探头夹在自己的手指上 (尽可能选取与患者相同的部位),进行一次快速的质量保证测试。这可排除设备误差引起的读数异常。
三、总结
脉搏血氧仪因为无创、可连续监测,临床应用相当广泛,我们需要掌握如何正确判读,并结合实际情况加以分析。同时我们也要知道,任何情况下血气分析都是相对的金标准,不要只局限在血氧饱和度上。
排版:美超
投稿:wangmeichao@dxy.cn
题图:站酷海洛
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